unit 20
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learning aim A -research-
single camera production
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A single camera setup is a filmmaking technique originally developed in the 1910s in which every shot and every angle is filmed using the same camera. It is the standard mode of production for cinema, but in television, both single camera and multiple camera setups are used.
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A disadvantage of this is that it requires more time shooting since you will have to keep re-taking and it might waste time.
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An advantage of a single camera is that it is more affordable and easier to use also it can be shoot at once.
multi-camera production
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any type of filing that uses or that records with more than one camera
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Multi-camera refers to any process of filming where more than one camera is used to record footage. The technique, first used in a Russian historical film called 'Defence of Sevastopol', is now more commonly employed in Live TV, to allow the editor or director to cut between cameras at their discretion. (//www.slinkyproductions.co.uk › News & Blog)
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makes for much more engaging and enjoyable viewing than relying on a single camera, shooting statically from one angle. Additional camera angles allow you to cut from a wide shot to a close up, which not only helps stop a scene from dragging on, but also adds depth to your story.(Systemshttps://www.timecodesystems.com › why-shoot-multica...)
Documentary
cameras used for documentaries are typically multi-camera productions because they need to film specific angles on the same event happening at that exact moment so they need multiple productions on standby.
Tv drama
tv dramars would use multi-camara as there is multiple scenes and multiple andgles to shoot if they where to use single camera production it would waste time/take longer to film.
soap and sitcoms
A soap and sitcom use multi-cam because they have to shoot multiple scenes with different angles so using multi-cam will save time, if they use single then it will waste time shooting each episode. also, multiple people might need to film different subjects at one time.
Youtube vlog
vlogs use a single camera as it is just focussing on the subject. vlog. So they don't use multiple cameras as there isn't aren't multiple scenes/subjects to shoot. usually, vloggers are amateur when it comes to video making so it would be easier o use single cameras. Also, vlogs don't require a big camera crew with multiple cameras as they're supposed to be relatable and natural.
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music video
music videos use single cameras as they are only focusing on the subject the main person in the video. although they might have a variety of scenes they don't require many cameras.
advertisement
advertisements use a single cam to focus on the subject to make it more cinematic and professional than the use of dollies or tracking devices. they also might not need to shoot the same scene many times or at the same angle as it's not a long video like tv shows.
sports events
sports events use multi-camera as there are many angles to capture for example in football they film the subject and a bird's eye view shot of the subject.
camera techniques (research)
Tracking
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The camera is physically moving in or out, left or right, backward or forward through the scene following the subjects movement.Tracking shots tend to last longer than other shots.
zooming​
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camera lens moving in or out of the subject the lens moves but the camera remains stationary. This technique could create suspense or tension in a scene.
Tilting
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camera moves up or down​ only the camera remains stationary position.
panning
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camera moves left or right but remains stationary
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this is used to follow the actor in a scene / the subject
Stedicam
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camera focus on a subjects movement while physically attached to a cameras operator
hand held
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the camera is not mounted to anything bar the person holding it creating a more jerky action​
framing
extreme long shot
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there's no focus on the location there's no subject or the subject is far away.
Long shot
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cameras focus is on the whole body with the subject framed head to toe.
medium long shot
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camera focuses on the subject's body with the subject framed from the knees up.
mid shot
cameras focus is on the whole torso with the subject head to waist.
medium close up
camera focuses on the subjects upper torso the subjects framed head to chest.
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close up
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focus on the subjects profile or head to sholders.​
big close up
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the cameras focus is on the subjects facial exspression eyes to mouth.
exstreme close up
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the cameras focus is on a specific part of the subjects face e.g mouth or eyes.
angles/shots
birds eye view
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a shot taken from above to show the subject or action taking place down below.
worms eye view
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a shot taken from directly below looking up at the action this makes the subject look larger or intimidating and makes the audiance feel smaller.
high/low angle
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high angle is taken from slighty above making the subject appear smaller and vunrable.
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low angle will be taken from below or angled upwards to make the subject apear bigger and more intimidating
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canted angle
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a canted angle is when the camera is placed at an irregular/unorthedoxed angle.
wide angle
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A shot taken from a far to frame two or more subject this allows the audiance to see many reactions or things going on at the same time.
two shot
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A shot taken at eye level in orderto frame two subjects.
over the sholder
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A shot taken from directly behind a subject sholder to film the subject infront of them, this shot will make the audiance/view feel more involved in the action.​
point of view
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A shot taken from the subjects line of site to see what the subjects seeing.
establishing shot
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A shot taken from an extreame distance, it's used in the beginnnig of a scene/film to forshadow and show where its taking place.
camera settings
aperture
The f-stop number, or f-number, is the setting that controls the size of the aperture and therefore how much light can pass through the camera lens. F-numbers are determined by the ratio of the diameter of the aperture to the focal length of a lens. A small aperture has a higher f-stop, whereas a large aperture has a small f-stop number. Smaller apertures let in less light, so naturally, larger apertures let in more light. Your maximum aperture (as low as f/1.4 with some lenses) lets in the most light. All cameras can have a minimum aperture as narrow as f/16, which is the aperture setting that most limits light. https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/photography/discover/aperture.html
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture
Too much light will wash out a photo and too little will give you a very dark image. Adjusting the size of the opening for your lens based on environmental conditions will help achieve the exposure you want. If you are shooting in low light, a wider aperture size will allow in more light. If you’re outdoors with a lot of light, a smaller aperture can limit the amount of light.https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/photography/discover/aperture.html
F/22
F/18
F/14
F/11
f/9.0
F/7.1
F/5.6
F/4.5
f/3.5
F/2.8
F/2.2
F/1.8
focus
What happens when camera in in focus?
To allow your image to be sharp, or to allow you to intentionally not focus, the camera and lens work together to change the distance of the lens from the sensor or film in order to control where the captured light converges. When the light converges precisely at the plane of the film or sensor, the image is in focus.https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/how-focus-works
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How do you focus photos?
Focusing a camera is all about changing the distance between the subject of the image, the lens, and the sensor. The photographer can do this by adjusting the camera settings—or simply moving closer or further away from their subject
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-focus-your-camera-for-crisp-images
Heres some pictures i took to show focus and how I focus on the subject from differnt distances. showing how the camera focuses on the subject and captures the small details.
Shutter speed
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shutter speed is measured in fractions of a second. For example, a slow shutter speed of 1/2 means the shutter remains open for half a second, while a faster speed of 1/2000 means it only remains open for one-two-thousandth of a second.
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so if something is moving very fast the camera will capture it and make it look like a still picture depending on what setting its on
Focal lenght
The focal length of the lens is the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters (e.g., 28 mm, 50 mm, or 100 mm). In the case of zoom lenses, both the minimum and maximum focal lengths are stated, for example 18–55 mm.
DSLR Camera Basics | Focal Length and Angle of viewhttps://imaging.nikon.com › lineup › dslr › basics
Iso
ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity. Adobehttps://www.adobe.com › photography › hub › guides
LAA: Core assesment
Stranger things – Max's song
Multi-camera techniques are quite popular amongst TV dramas as they can speed up the process of filming and create continuity. As this scene in stranger things was filmed on a set it's likely a multi-camera used but also some single camera. Although parts of the scene were filmed outside, there was a lot going on and to capture at different angles. Other multi camera TV dramas are friends The big bang theory.
In the begging of the scene (20seconds) we see a close up of Max’s face in distress and fear this will make the audience feel empathy for her, in this close-up the aperture is about F4 as she is in focus because she is the subject, but her surroundings are blurred/unfocused which makes the audience/viewer focus their attention on Max. Also, the iso is 200 as it’s dark, this makes the scene look more eerie and tense as it is a thriller.
The birds eye view of the other characters scurrying around to help makes the scene more chaotic and faster pace it also makes the view feel for the characters as their trying to save their friend makes the audience feel empathy for them. The Iso is 800 as its daytime but still quite dark because of the chaos going on and the show is still a thriller so. The aperture is F/22 because everything and everyone is in focused because their all the subject in this part and important. The birds eye view quickly cuts with a reaction shot (33s) to Max’s face as she still in the trance, this was crucial to make the audience feel for the situation (Max).
At 45s the camera tracks Lucas's hand as he is trembling to pass it to Steve, the shutter speed is 1/15 as the hands are blurry a little bit to show how fast their moving. Also, the tracking could make the audience feel more involved with the scene like the 6th character.
This extreme long shot would be single cam as it only focused on one subject not multiple conversing. the aperture is f/18 as the majority of the scene is in focus not just max in the air this could mean they want the audience/viewers focus on the other characters swell as max. The focal length is probably 125m as the camera is very far away from the subject.
At 1:30 two shot is used to show the contrast between max and Vecna this could also make the audience more invested in what's going to happen. The aperture is F/1.8 as everything in the back is blurry but max and vecna are focused showing they are the main subjects. The iso is 400 this is to add to the eerie and tense feel of the scene, this is typical of a thriller/horror TV drama.
The over the shoulder shot at 0:54 shows vecna’s shoulder at an aperture of F/1.8 to F/1.8 of the portal this turns the attention of the audience to vecna to the portal, this could also make the audience realise there's hope For Max. Also, this is a POV shot because it’s what Max's is looking at . the iso is still 400 and stays like this throughout this part of the scene as she is still trapped in a trance.
At 3:00 where there is a mid-shot of Maxs is sprinting to for her life she's clearly the main subject as the aperture is F/1.8 as her surroundings where completely out of focus whereas she was completely clear and crisp, this makes the audience focus on her and adds a dynamic to the shot making her look powerful as she got free making the audience tense as they’ve seen her struggling this whole time. Also, the focal length is 240mm because the length it's taken at is very far and the background is now out of focus.
At 3:03 the camera slowly starts zooming in on vecna very subtly Wich creates a very eerie tension between the audience and vecna as Max is getting away the audience is getting closer to vecna. There's a cross cut at 3:05 where it cuts from Maxs running and vecna being angry she's getting away this makes the audience nervous for her fate and if she'll make it. The aperture is F/18 as the majority of the background is in focus awell as venca this could be so that all the attention isnt on vecna to make it less frightening.
At 3:50 theirs a closing shot of the chaotic scene the iso 400. they did this to make it look very dark and eerie especially due to what just happened this wide angle emphasises the end of the chaos.
monster x - love mv
Music videos tend to use a single camera as they are only filming one subject. Although there are a variety of scenes multi cameras aren't needed though thought be used. But multi-cameras can be used as they could be filming a group which is multiple subjects.
In the beginning at 0:02 it starts off with a close of one of the artists out of focus as it zooms out it gets more focused; the aperture would be low because there is a shallow depth of field. At 0:04 the aperture focuses to F\1.4 it quite quickly zooms out with him still in focus.
This shows that he is the main subject and main character in this specific scene. Also, the long shot could also be an establishing shot as it's at the beginning and shows his surroundings. The iso is 800 because the only main source of light is the spotlight on is everywhere else is dark. The aperture becomes low again because ass the camera zooms out the singer becomes to of focus out of focus, but the background is very focused at F/3.5.
This worm's eye view shot at 0:10 makes them look intimidating and powerful, they might have done this for the aesthetic to look cool, but it looks quite intimidating because their shouting straight at the camera using direct address. There is a greater depth of field as the aperture is at F/22 because they're all in focus along with the chandelier above them. This is because they're all the focus of the scene and are important and all singing. The iso is 800 because it’s still bright but the sky behind them is still very dark so it’s not 1600, this could be because it's an upbeat pop/hip hop song with a good narrative so a low iso setting is not really needed.
At 0:45 there is a two-shot showing the two singers, the camera is very close to them and very zoomed in this is because they are the subject and the focus. However, at 0:45 the one in the back is in focus at F/2.2 tis is to make the audience focus their attention on him and not the other one the camera continuously fluctuates between the two using aperture.
At 0:49 there is a shallow depth of field, and the aperture is F/2.2 making the other singer the subject, making the viewer's now focus on him. This influences the viewers how they view the video also it looks more aesthetically pleasing.
The wide angle shows all the subjects in frame as they dance. this goes well with the song when it slows down and becomes calmer. In this shot, the iso is 400 because even though there are many lights it's still light this part of the song is slow and romantic, so it fits the theme/mood. Also, how they wear suits and flashy/classy outfits suggests they are important or are somewhere of importance. The aperture is F/22 as they are all in focus and their surroundings are too this makes the audience understand and acknowledge the setting behind them not just the dance.
At 1:26 there is a POV shot used to show the subject's point of view as he walks through the crowd this emphasizes to the audience that he is famous and is a performer in the video. The way the camera shows everyone applauding and showing him suggests he’s liked by the crowd. The iso is 400 as it is quite dark. This is because he is walking through a dark crowd to make his entrance on stage this scene is an establishing shot for his part of the music video. The aperture is F/2.8 on a couple of the actors but the rest of the background is blurry.
At 1:34 there's a bird's eye view of one of the singers and the spotlight is only on him this emphasizes how he is the main subject; we can also tell that he’s the focus of the scene because everyone else is looking down whereas he’s looking up to the camera this makes the audience more engaged in him, another way he grabs the audience's attention because he stands out by wearing white and having a completely different hair color. The iso is 800 as apart from the spotlight directly above his head there's not much light coming through. Also, the aperture is F/2.8 as there is a small aperture and a shallow depth of field making him stand out the most.
At 1:54 there's a canted angle during his rap verse it goes along with the music creating a satisfying visual effect this was also a long shot as the rapper's full body was in shot. This makes the audience only focus on him and keeps them engaged. The iso is 800 as he is in a bright room with loads of different bright colors also there is a low depth of field as he is very clear and in focus. The camera turns canted as soon as the song slows down again creating a feeling as if we’re in the room and it’s moving.
At 2:40 there's a long shot of him in the dark with only the lights showing and emphasizing his silhouette the use of the gold lights adds to the cinematic feel but also to the romantic theme. There is a greater depth of field and a small aperture as the only light let in is from the LEDs in the back also the aperture is F3.5 as he is focused but u can see details because of how dark it is. His suit and soft dancing goes with this part of the song and makes him look elegant and classy.
Riding the Avalanche | Edge of the Unknown
Most documentaries use single camera techniques and have a vlog type feel this is because they are made to look realistic and relatable, scenes don’t have to be shot more than once because there's no acting, also its more affordable but multi-camera can be used. Another documentary that uses a single cam is blue earth.
The wide shot at 0:12 there's a wide shot of the crew and other people in the documentary showing their gear and what they're wearing. This could help inform the audience the type of weather there and what they're wearing for that e.g., they're wearing big ski coats and boots and layer up this shows that it's cold and that where they are might be difficult to walk in. there is a small aperture and greater depth of field so the apertures around F/22 because everywhere is mostly F/22 this is because they must show the place they are and because its's a documentary it’s usually quite repetitive and doesn't have loads of changes in the aperture. The iso is around 1600 as everything is bright and saturated there is no need for it to be dark and eerie as it isn't a scary documentary more like a vlog.
This documentary begins with a handheld camera tracking the subject as they walk through the snow. This makes the audience/view feel more involved with the scene. At (0:15) there is a medium close on the man's face as he speaks to the camera, this will also make the audience feel involved in the conversation, this could also show he is maybe more important than the other people in the documentary as he has all the close ups and has the most screen time. The aperture is F/22 as everything is in focus this is because they are capturing the background to show where they are and show their Surroundings, so it has a rawer look and less cinematic.
At 0:43 a POV shot is used at an aperture of F/22 and an iso of 800. The aperture is still small and still has a greater depth of field but the iso has dropped, this could be because there foreshadowing that something bad is going to happen so they made the scenes a bit darker, but it could be because there in a helicopter so there's not much natural light coming through anyways. The use of the POV shot emphasizes how the audience in documentaries are involved and so they can experience what the person is.This is also a two shot this could be to show the viewer who's In charge and who’s leading the journey and flying the helicopter.
TREND-Z MV planning
Power point of our ideas. LAB
